Abstract Although his name is commonly recognized in conjunction with various corneal and anterior segment disorders, Ernst Fuchs' contribution to ophthalmology exceeds purely the delineation of ocular diseases and the detailed description of signs. Fuchs' collection of microscopic samples laid the foundation for anatomical and pathological understanding of blood vessels, muscles, and most other tissues of the eye. Additionally, Fuchs was able to pass on his unique knowledge, educating ophthalmologists at an international level. His textbook was, for many decades, the most extensively used reference book in the field of ophthalmology worldwide.

German neurolinguist, born 1851, died 1935.Wilbrand studied in giessen and Strasbourg and received his doctorate in 1875.In 1905 he became director of ophthalmology at agmeny hospital and in 1919 he was appointed professor of ophthalmology.Then he retired.Wilbrand devoted his life to the study of visual physiology and pathology, especially visual pathways and cortical representations and projections.He showed homomorphic hemianopia caused by damage to optical radiation, the occipital cortex, and the optic nerve tract, and discredited the old German physiologist Friedrich Leopold Goltz (1834-1902) theory that the visual center was located under the cortex. Wilbrand's knee: a group of crossed lower quadrant outer ganglion cells with axons extending forward into the posterior optic nerve.It is considered to be the anatomic basis for contralateral superior quadrant visual field defects found in posterior optic neuropathy.

Danish ophthalmologist. Born in 1851, died in 1920. He left the Ribe Cathedral in Denmark in 1869 and completed his medical degree in Copenhagen in 1876. Inspired by Hansen Grout, he quickly became interested in ophthalmology and was appointed as an assistant to Hansen Grout in 1879. Bjerrum's scientific concern is the form of visual perception and the local resolution of the retina. The relationship between capabilities. He argued this in the title "UndersØgeleserofFormsans og Lyssands iforskelligeØjensyngdomme" (a survey of the morphological and light perception of various eye diseases). This title was deliberately given by Denmark, indicating that he must write his publication in Danish throughout his life. Bjerrum scotoma: The visual field defect feature of glaucoma. It is a nerve fiber bundle defect extending from a blind spot, swept around the macula area and ends in a straight line on the nasal side corresponding to the medial temporal sulcus in the retina.

British ophthalmologist, born in 1857, died in 1916. Robert Walter Doyne was educated at Oxford, Bristol and St. George's Hospital in London and settled in Oxford in 1885. He is a very sensitive and accurate clinical observer, named after his transparent denaturation (Doyne's Cellular Crohn's cho) is just one of several situations he first described. Two years after his death, the establishment of the Doyne Memorial Lecture and Medal is also a concentrated expression of his imprisoned emotions, which remains one of the most precious differences in British ophthalmology. Doyne Honeycomb Veinitis: In some families living in Oxford, England, the drusen present on Bruch's membrane was observed. These dendrites tend to fuse together and eventually fuse, just like a hive; therefore, Doyle's cellular choroiditis gets its name.

British neurophysiologist (born 27 November 1857 in London) died 4 March 1952 in eastbourne, Sussex.Sherrington completed his medical course from 1884 to 1887 and was certified by the Royal College of Physicians in 1886.In 1887, sherrington was appointed lecturer in physiology at st Thomas's medical college in London, where he continued to study the spinal cord.From 1891 to 1905, he succeeded Sir Victor Alexander haden horsley (1857-1916) as chief physician at the brown institute, the centre for the study of physiology and pathology in humans and animals.In 1895, sherrington was appointed professor of physiology at Liverpool holt.In 1932, he Shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with Edgar Douglas Adrian.Sherrington's law: reciprocal innervation law: when a group of muscles is stimulated, the opposite of the activity of the first group of muscles is inhibited.

American ophthalmologist, born on September 1, 1858, Malone, New York; died on June 10, 1926. Alexander Duane is one of the earliest researchers in the field of ophthalmology and is particularly interested in conditioning and strabismus. He is best known for the translation of the book by Ernst Fuchs, the authority of Vienna. In 1903, the book appeared in English under the name "Fox Eye Science Textbook" and has eight versions. Duane syndrome: The adduction of the adduction and contraction of the medial and lateral rectus muscles at the same time helps to identify the condition. Duane's retraction syndrome is often mistaken for the sixth nerve paralysis in infancy because of the lack of abduction of the eye involved. In fact, Duane syndrome is common in children as a cause of limited abduction, so it is important to keep this in mind.

British ophthalmologist,1862 -- 1932.Edward trecher Collins entered Middlesex hospital in 1879 and graduated in 1883.In 1886 he was appointed pathologist and curator of the hospital museum.He held this post until he was appointed hospital surgeon in 1895.As a pathologist, his work in the hospital laid the groundwork for his lectures and the 1896 publication of the anatomy and pathology of the eye.He has made great contributions to the development of ophthalmology at home and abroad.In 1927, he was elected President of the British academy of ophthalmology and the international association of ophthalmologists.His charisma and talent served him well in a difficult period of post-war reconciliation.Treacher Collins syndrome: a defect in the middle and lateral third of the lower eyelid and systemic abnormalities such as maxillofacial muscular atrophy and malformed ears.This is an autosomal dominant disease.

Maddox (1863-1933), a British surgeon and ophthalmologist, an expert in both binocular vision and strabismus (especially strabismus). He has a high level of expertise in optical therapy and has invented a variety of devices for better eye condition research. Including the Markov rod, Markov double prism, Markov red glass, Markov cross and Markov wing. As an enthusiastic astronomy enthusiast, he also invented a lightning arrester that can be placed on stars and constellations. Maddox rod: An important and indispensable tool for binocular visual function testing. The Markov rod can be used for horizontal and vertical recessive strabismus, rotational recessive strabismus, and unequal image inspection. It has important reference value in evaluating binocular vision function and disposing of binocular vision abnormalities.

English physician, born in London on May 8, 1863;He died in 1962.Herman David webb was educated at charterhouse college, Cambridge, and studied medicine at st bartholomew's hospital in London, as well as in Cambridge, Paris and Vienna.Weber received his doctorate from Cambridge university in 1892 and was a resident at st. Bartholomew's Hospital, where he served as a surgeon and physician.In 1894 he was appointed honorary doctor of the German hospital, queen's square, London.Parker was the first Mitchell lecturer at the royal college of physicians in 1921.Over 50 years, he has written more than 1,200 medical papers and more than 20 books or chapters.Urge -Weber syndrome: a congenital disorder involving the brain, skin and eyes.Rendu-osler-weber disease: familial syndrome characterized by multiple telangiectasia in the skin, mouth, nasal cavity, conjunctiva, and gastrointestinal mucosa.

Otto Schirmer (1864-1918) was born in greifswald. In 1896, after his father Rudolf Schirmer, he studied at the university of greifswald, the university of Munich, the university of freiburg, the university of konigsberg and the university of halle.His name is best remembered for his work on the lacrimal duct, including the elegant and simple lacrimal duct estimation test named after him (1903);He then published a paper on the microscopic anatomy and physiology of the tear system in the second edition of graf-samish hambuch, published in 1904.In 1909, he left Strasbourg and immigrated to New York, where he joined the New York graduate school of medicine, the hermann knapp memorial eye hospital, st. mark's hospital and the Bronx hospital.Schirmer test = this involves folding the sterile filter paper strips and inserting them between the lower cover and the sphere, about a third of the cover edge.The results are expressed as mm wetting at 5 min.If a local anesthetic is injected into the eye before the test is done, this is known as the basic Schirmer test

German ophthalmologist, born on June 24, 1867, Medina in Asia Minor; on July 29, 1930, Freiburg im Breisgau died. Axenfeld has made important contributions to the anatomy of the eye, bacteriology and histology, and surgical ophthalmology. He is particularly interested in eye infections, and in Freiburg, his excellent clinical and laboratory facilities have enabled him to expand his research in the field. His eye care, his teaching and operational skills have attracted many graduate students, and Axenfeld has gained an international reputation. In 1925, he was elected chairman of the German Academy of Ophthalmology (Deutsche ophthalmologische Gesellschaft), who received the Graefe Medal for research on metastatic ophthalmia. He also received the Gold Award from the American Academy of Ophthalmology for his contribution to the profession. Axenfeld syndrome: a syndrome characterized by a later corneal embryo toxin, a significant Schwalbe line and adhesion of the iris to the Schwalbe line.

German ophthalmologist, born on August 3, 1867, in Konigsberg;He died in 1939.Von hippel received his m.d. in gottingen in 1889.Hipper became a doctor in 1890 and was appointed assistant professor of pathology at the university of Heidelberg in 1893.Here he studied severely infected cadavers, which influenced his subsequent research.In 1892 he began to specialize in ophthalmology and became Dr. Leber's assistant.He studied and lectured on ophthalmology and won an award for his research.In 1897, he was appointed Heidelberg distinguished professor.In 1909, von hippel moved to Halley as professor and director of the ophthalmology clinic, and in 1914 to gottingen as professor of ophthalmology.In 1934, due to poor health, he retired.Von hippel is internationally recognized for his work on the pathological anatomy of the eye.Von Hippel-Lindau: a malignant tumor characterized by retinal hemangioma, small cerebrovascular blastoma, and renal tumor.The condition is autosomal dominant and is now located on chromosome 3.

German ophthalmologist. Born in 1871, died in 1965. Friedrich Best was born in Wermelskirehen in Rhineland, received early medical and ophthalmology education at Theodore Leber clinic in Heidelberg, then went to Giessen. Under the leadership of Vossius, he became an assistant professor from 1896 to 1905, during which he It took a while. Together with the great physiologist Hering. In 1906 he settled in Dresden until the German branch, and he came to Neidermarsburg in western Germany until his 90th year. In addition to his classic study of macular degeneration, he is always interested in visual physiology and is the first person to use a logarithmic scale when measuring dark adaptation. Best disease (yolk-like macular dystrophy): Heredofamilial macular degeneration with autosomal dominant inheritance.

German ophthalmologist, born on December 11, 1871, died on April 5, 1940 in New York. Alfred Bielschowsky was born in a Jewish family in Namslau, Lower Silesia. He graduated in 1889 and subsequently entered medical research at the University of Breslau. He quickly moved to Heidelberg, where he graduated in 1891. In the first semester of clinical education, he was influenced by the lecture by Theodor Leber (1840-1917). His main areas of work are the physiology and pathology of Raumsinn and the movement of the eye. He is a collaborator of Graefe-Saemisch at Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde. Bielschowsky's head tilt test: an upper oblique muscle paralysis test caused by a fourth cranial nerve injury.

German ophthalmologist, born on October 28, 1874, died in 1943. Carl Behr studied at Freiburg, Kiel, Munich and Berlin and received his Ph.D. in Kiel in 1900. He is an intern and assistant physician at the Eppendorfer and St-George hospitals in Hamburg and the eye clinic at Keele University. In 1910, he was engaged in eye science research there. In 1916 he became an extraordinary professor in Kiel and in 1923 he was appointed professor of ophthalmology at Hamburg. His area of particular interest is neuro-ophthalmology, which depicts several new entities, including those now named after him. Behr's optic atrophy: a recessive form of optic atrophy that may occur alone or may be associated with deafness, diabetes, and neurological complications.

German ophthalmologist, born in Berlin on December 4, 1875;He died in Marlborough on April 2, 1927.Carl Bruno stagat was educated at the universities of Heidelberg, erlangen and Berlin and received his doctorate from keele university in 1899.Trained in ophthalmology by professor Carl walker (born 1836) in Kiel, he became assistant chief physician at the university eye clinic.He then worked at the eye clinic in Strasbourg and became the director of ophthalmology in Bonn.In 1923, he succeeded Max belsowski (1899-1940) as head of the department of ophthalmology at the university of marburg.Stargardt's disease: the most common adolescent form of macular degeneration, characterized by multiple yellow subretinal pistil lesions.

Scottish ophthalmologist, born in 1876, Paisley; died in October 1915. He began working at the Royal Eye Hospital in London in 1902, became FRCS in 1903, and was appointed curator and pathologist at Moorfields Hospital in 1905. In 1906, he became an assistant ophthalmologist at the Great Northern Central Hospital, at the Royal London Eye Hospital in 1909, and in St. Mary's Hospital in 1911. He has served on the London Teaching Hospital for many appointments. At the time of his death, he was an assistant surgeon and assistant ophthalmologist at the Royal London Eye Hospital at St. Mary's Hospital. Coats disease: It is a developmental retinal vascular abnormality consisting of leaking telangiectasia and aneurysm retinal blood vessels, associated with associated lipid exudation, a condition that often occurs in the first decade of life. In the eyes.

陈滋（1878-1927，字益卿，别号益钦）浙江奉化人。民国初年著名眼科医师。1901年成为浙江奉化“龙津学堂”第一届学生。1904年进入杭州同仁医学堂，1906年卒业。后在虹口同仁医院实习，在此期间他编译了《第一简明博物启蒙》、《最新种痘全书》、《病理通论》、《家畜病医治法》、《育儿全书》、《人体解剖学》、《新脉经》、《西药调制法》等一系列日本西方医学经典书籍，对清末民初的西医东渐有较大的促进作用。1910年进入东京三井慈善医院见习。1912年回上海开设眼科诊所，1915年成立“上海眼科医院”，为第一家华人眼科医师自设的眼科医院。在诊务空暇时，完成了《陈氏评批“银海精微”》一书。并撰写了《中西眼科汇通》，此书在近代眼科史上有着重要学术地位，对推动传统医学现代化作出了贡献。

Swiss ophthalmologist, born on October 31, 1879, in Menziken;He died in 1943.Alfred vogt studied at the university of Basel and received his doctorate in 1904.Vogt has developed techniques for retinal endoscopic examination and surgical treatment of retinal detachment.In 1913, he began examining the structure of the front of the eye using a new slit lamp and corneal microscope.Vogt is a leader in ophthalmology and has received the prestigious Donders and Gullstrand MEDALS for his work.Limbal girdle of Vogt: limbal corneal opacity bundle, an arc concentric, at 3 PM and 9 PM and corneal limbus adjacent inside palpebral fissure;Nasal infections are more common than temporary infections, but usually both.Vogt-koyanagi-harada syndrome (VKH) : systemic inflammation involving the eyes and other organs common to some RACES

Kobayashi Mitsu (1880-1954), Japanese eye scientist. Meiji was born in December of the 13th. Dazheng was a professor at Kyoto Medical School for 8 years and later became a professor of ophthalmology at the Northeast Imperial University (now Northeastern University). In 1929, an ocular anterior idiopathic uveitis with systemic symptoms was discovered and reported. He died on February 25, 29th. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome: sudden pigmentation, eyebrows and hair whitening, baldness and vitiligo and other skin damage, headache, dizziness, nausea and other nervous system manifestations, tinnitus, deafness and dizziness and other inner ear symptoms.